初中英語語法第13季：第13季 句子成分，種類與結(jié)構(gòu)

組成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分，包括：主語，謂語，表語，賓語，補足語，定語，狀語和同位語。

主語：

1，My room is big and clean（名詞）

2，This is all i want（代詞）

3，Three is enough for each of us（數(shù)詞）

4，The wounded were saved（名詞化形容詞）

5，To become a nurse is my wish（不定式）

6，Remembering so many new words is really hard（V-ing）

7，What we can't get seems better than what we have（從句）

謂語：表述主語的行為動作或狀態(tài)，中心詞是限定動詞，有人稱，數(shù)，時態(tài)變化。

1，簡單謂語（一個動詞/短語動詞作謂語）

·what happened last night？I heard lots of noise

·My father often comes back late

2，復合謂語（常見2種）

·Jeff can't come to the party（情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形）

·Our school becomes more beautiful and more famous（連系動詞+表語）

表語：與連系動詞一起構(gòu)成復合謂語，說明主語的特征，屬性，狀態(tài)，身份等。

1，He turend doctor after school（名詞）

2，You are many，but they are few（代詞）

3，I’m eighteen.（數(shù)詞）

4，He is very beautiful（形容詞）

5，She is interested in the film/the film is not interesting（V-ed和V-ing）

6，To see is to believe（不定式）

7，Is anybody in？（副詞）

8，My hometown is among mountains（介詞）

9，It was because he didn't pass the exam（從句）

賓語：動作的對象或承受者，一般由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動名詞，不定式，從句等充當。賓語有單賓語，雙賓語和復合賓語等形式。

1，you can leave your pet with me while traveling（名詞）

2，How about you？（代詞）

3，if you put 5 and 7 together，you’ll get 12.（數(shù)詞）

4，We should help the poor（名詞化的形容詞）

5，Remember to tell him to come/i'm thinking about when to start my new job（不定式/疑問詞+不定式）

6，Please stop making noise（V-ing）

7，Do you understand what I mean？（從句）

補足語：有些動詞除需要賓語外，還需要有賓語補足語，這樣句子意義才完整，賓語和賓語補足語在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，這是判斷賓語補足語的主要依據(jù)。含有賓語補足語的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，賓語補足語變成了主語補足語。

1，We all find him funny(形容詞）

2，Will you please invite all of them in?(副詞）

3，He was once again found wandering along the city street（V-ing）

定語：描述名詞或代詞的修飾語，常和名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語，分前置定語和后置定語兩種。

1，前置定語

·They had a wonderful time yesterday（形容詞）

·Put some milk into this glass（代詞）

·She cut the cake into two pieces（數(shù)詞）

·this is a stone table and hard enough to hold the load of goods（名詞）

·Put the child into the sleeping bag（V-ing）

2，后置定語

·I have got something interesting to tell everyone（形容詞）

·the buildings around were badly damaged in the fire（副詞）

·the books on the top shelf were just bought（介詞短語）

·Let's try another way to do this（不定式）

狀語：修飾動詞，形容詞或副詞等的句子成分。表示時間，地點，方式，比較，程度，目的，結(jié)果，條件，原因，讓步等。充當狀語的有副詞，介詞短語，不定式，V-ing，V-ed，形容詞以及從句等。

Arriving there，remember to call me up（時間狀語）

Don't step on the grass，for it is growing（地點狀語）

He speaks Englihs very fast（方式狀語）

We live to work not work to live（目的狀語）

If it snows，we will build a snowman（條件狀語）

Not knowing the road，I lost my way（原因狀語）

同位語：對句子某一成分作進一步的解釋說明，與前面的名詞，代詞等在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分。常常被置于被補充說明的詞之后，可由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞和從句等充當。

1，We have two foreign teachers，a Canadian and an American（名詞）

2，They each can get a chance to travel by air（代詞）

3，Are you three ready to start out？（數(shù)詞）

4，The news that we’re having a holiday tomorrow（從句）

獨立成分：與句子沒有關(guān)系或關(guān)系不密切，獨立于句子之外的成分。感嘆詞，稱呼語和插入語時英語種常見的3種獨立成分。

1，Well，I think it's a good idea anyway（感嘆詞）

2，Look out，John！There's a car running over！（稱呼語）

3，This is the best chance，I think，that you can win（插入語）

句子種類：按照使用目的和交際功能可分為陳述句，疑問句，祈使句和感嘆句

陳述句：敘述一件事情或表明說話人的看法，態(tài)度等，句尾用句號，一般讀作降調(diào)。

1，陳述句的肯定形式（2種語序）

·I know you will come whatever difficulty you might come across（正常語序）

·Here comes the bus full of children from the US!（倒裝語序）

2，陳述句的否定形式

·I am not good at Chinese（be動詞+not）

·I have not heard the latest news（助動詞+not）

·She cannot play the piano well（情態(tài)動詞+not）

·We don't go to school on Sundays（Do/does+not）

·I have never been to China（表否定意義的詞no/never/seldom/hardly/nobody等）

疑問句：

1，一般疑問句（對某一情況的“是”“否”提出疑問的句子叫一般疑問句，通常用yes或no來回答）

·Are your parents doctors？（be+主語+表語...？）

·Did you enjoy yourself in our city？（助動詞+主語+謂語...?)

·Is her sister doing her homework now？(be+主語+實義動詞...?)

·Can you bring me some apples？（情態(tài)動詞+主語+謂語...?）

答語：一般疑問句一般用yes或no來回答，也可以用其他表示肯定或否定的詞回答，如certainly，surely，of course，I think so，all right，certainly not，not at all，never，sorry，not yet，I’m afraid not等。

省略形式的一般疑問句（在非正式問題中，常用一般疑問句的省略形式）：

·Anything the matter？出了什么問題嗎？

·In trouble？

·Want some coffee？

·Got any news？

·Need a hand？

注意：

在拒絕要請時，一般不直接說no，而需講明原因：

·Could you come to tea on Sunday?--That’s very nice of you, but I’m afraid...

回答否定句式的一般疑問句時，應(yīng)根據(jù)事實情況作答并保持“yes+肯定句”和“no+否定句”的一致，yes譯成“不”，no譯成“是”：

·Haven't you been to England？--No，I haven't是的，沒去過/Yes，I have不，我去過。

2，特殊疑問句（就句中某一部分進行提問的疑問句叫特殊疑問句）：

基本結(jié)構(gòu)：特殊疑問詞+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞（+主語）+其他？

·Where were you at that time？

·When did you arrive there？

·How can you do that？

·Which song do you like better？

·What does your father do？

·Who is that girl？

·What is flying in the sky？

·Whose bike is this？

答語：要根據(jù)特殊疑問詞來確定，不用yes或no，回答時可以用一個詞或短語，也可以用一個完整的句子

·What is your brother doing？--Watering the flowers/He is watering the flowers

3，選擇疑問句（對問題提出兩個或以上的答案，供對方選擇其一。這種疑問句有2種形式，一是以一般疑問句為基礎(chǔ)，另一種以特殊疑問句為基礎(chǔ)，選擇部分用or鏈接，答語必須是完整的句子或省略形式，不能用yes或no）

·Is your mother a teacher or a doctor？--She is a doctor

·Would you like chicken，beef or pork？--beef

·Do you go to school by bike or on foot---on foot

4，反意疑問句（在陳述句后福建一個簡短問句，提出對前面陳述句所陳述事情的肯定或否定的意見，或希望事實得到證實。需遵循“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原則，附加問句的主語和動詞及時態(tài)均需與陳述部分一致，且主語用人稱代詞）

·This magazine is yours，isn't it？這本雜志是你的，不是嗎？

·Lucy often goes to the theatre，doesn't she？路西經(jīng)常去看戲，不是嗎？

·He doesn't like his job，does he？他不喜歡他的工作，是嗎？

·He is not good at playing the violin，is she？他不擅長拉小提琴，是嗎？

答語：不管反義疑問句前的陳述句是肯定還是否定，回答都要根據(jù)事實情況，保持“yes+肯定句”和“no+否定句”的一致。陳述部分為否定形式，疑問部分為肯定形式的反義疑問句答語，yes譯作“不，no譯作”是“

·She can speak French，can't she？她會說法語，是不是？

--Yes，she can是，她會/No，She can't不，她不會

·You didn't attend the conference，did you？你沒參加會議，是吧？

--No，I didn't是的，我沒參加/Yes，I did不，我參加了

陳述句的主語是不定代詞no one，none，nobody，everyone，someone，everybody，somebody等時，其附加問句的主語強調(diào)全部時可用they，強調(diào)個體時常用he。

·No one phoned me while I was out，did they？

·Everyone is having a good time，aren't they？

·Someone is expecting you，isn't he？

陳述句的主語時復合不定代詞everything，anything，something，nothing等時，附加問句的主語用it

·Everything goes well with you，doesn't it？

·Nothing has been considered about this meeting，has it？

陳述句的主語是不定代詞one，附加問句的主語在正式場合用one，非正式場合用you

·One can't be too careful，can one/you？我們必須十分小心，對吧？

陳述句的主語是指示代詞時，附加問句的主語要用相應(yīng)的人稱代詞，即this/that后相應(yīng)用it；these/those后相應(yīng)用they。

·That was a hundred years ago，wasn't it？

·those are yours，aren't they？

陳述句為there be句型時，其后的附加問句仍用there：

·There will be a special exhibition tomorrow，won’t there?

情態(tài)動詞must的用法，應(yīng)由它在陳述句中的意義在確定

陳述句中有情態(tài)動詞used to時，附加問句的動詞可用used也可用did

·She used to study in Russia，usedn't/didn't she？

陳述句中由had better時，附加問句用hadn't或shouldn't：

·You'd better remain calm when in danger，hadn't/shouldn't you？

陳述句中由have to 時，附加問句的動詞不用have，而應(yīng)與陳述句中的助動詞一致：

·We have to get up at four tomorrow，don't we？

·You will have to wait for him，won't you？

陳述句中帶有no，never，nothing，nowhere，rarely，hardly，seldom，few，little等表否定意義的詞時，附加問句一般用肯定式；如陳述部分只是用了帶否定詞綴的派生詞helpless，hopeless，useless，unable，unfair等，附加問句用否定式：

·You have never read this book，have you？

·You dislike playing the piano，don't you？

肯定祈使句后面的附加問句一般用will you或won't you：

·Leave all the things as they are，will you/won't you？

以Let's開頭的祈使句后面的附加問句要用shall we；而以Let us/Let me開頭的祈使句后面的附加問句應(yīng)用will you？

·Let's try another way，shall we？

·Let us/me have a try，will you？

否定祈使句后面的附加問句除了用will you外，也可用can you：

·Don't make much noise，will you/can you？

陳述句如果式并列句，附加問句與鄰近的分句一致：

Bob speaks English，but his wife speaks German，doesn't she？

陳述句如是一個主從復合句，附加問句一般要與主句一致；如陳述部分是“i'm sure，i'm afraid，i don't think（suppose，expect，imagine，believe等）+賓語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)時，附加問句應(yīng)與從句一致，單要主語陳述部分的否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象：

·He said that Mary was late for the lecture，didn't he？

·I’m sure that our experiment will succeed,won’t it?

·I don't think she can finish it on own，can she？

祈使句：表請求或命令的句子叫祈使句，無時態(tài)和數(shù)的詞形變化，用動詞原形。

1，第二人稱祈使句（通常省略主語）

·Be sure to come on time請務(wù)必按時來

·Don't ever do that again！請不要再做那樣的事了！

注意：有時為了強調(diào)知名向誰提出要求或命令，主語也可表示出來，這時，主語需重讀。

·You，close the window！你，關(guān)上窗戶！

·Do be careful next time下次務(wù)必小心

2，第一/三人稱祈使句（通常以let開頭）

·Let me tell you the answer if you can't work it out

·Let’s have a rest

·Don't let anyone disturb you

·Let the children not make much noise

3，其他形式的祈使句

·No entry禁止入內(nèi)

·No parking禁止停車

·No smoking禁止吸煙

·Out with it！說出來吧！

·Beg your pardon請原諒

感嘆句：表喜怒哀樂等感情的句子，一般用how或what引導，how作狀語修飾形容詞，副詞或句子；what作定語修飾名詞（名詞前可有形容詞或冠詞）：

1，how引導的感嘆句：

·How beautiful a place it is多漂亮的地方啊！

·How surprising it is that you should not know what has happend

·How much I wish to join the football club！

·How you are working！你工作真賣力！

2，what 引導的感嘆句：

·What a beautiful place it is！

·What interesting books you've bought us！

·What great fun surfing on the Internet is！

注意：可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞前有形容詞修飾并且在句中不作主語時，只能用what引導

·What good news it is！? How good news it is?

·What great changes we have had these years ? How great changes we have had...?

陳述句中有情態(tài)動詞used to時，附加問句的動詞可用used也可用did

·She used to study in Russia，usedn't/didn't she？

陳述句中由had better時，附加問句用hadn't或shouldn't：

·You'd better remain calm when in danger，hadn't/shouldn't you？

陳述句中由have to 時，附加問句的動詞不用have，而應(yīng)與陳述句中的助動詞一致：

·We have to get up at four tomorrow，don't we？

·You will have to wait for him，won't you？

陳述句中帶有no，never，nothing，nowhere，rarely，hardly，seldom，few，little等表否定意義的詞時，附加問句一般用肯定式；如陳述部分只是用了帶否定詞綴的派生詞helpless，hopeless，useless，unable，unfair等，附加問句用否定式：

·You have never read this book，have you？

·You dislike playing the piano，don't you？

肯定祈使句后面的附加問句一般用will you或won't you：

·Leave all the things as they are，will you/won't you？

以Let's開頭的祈使句后面的附加問句要用shall we；而以Let us/Let me開頭的祈使句后面的附加問句應(yīng)用will you？

·Let's try another way，shall we？

·Let us/me have a try，will you？

否定祈使句后面的附加問句除了用will you外，也可用can you：

·Don't make much noise，will you/can you？

陳述句如果式并列句，附加問句與鄰近的分句一致：

Bob speaks English，but his wife speaks German，doesn't she？

陳述句如是一個主從復合句，附加問句一般要與主句一致；如陳述部分是“i'm sure，i'm afraid，i don't think（suppose，expect，imagine，believe等）+賓語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)時，附加問句應(yīng)與從句一致，單要主語陳述部分的否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象：

·He said that Mary was late for the lecture，didn't he？

·I’m sure that our experiment will succeed,won’t it?

·I don't think she can finish it on own，can she？

祈使句：表請求或命令的句子叫祈使句，無時態(tài)和數(shù)的詞形變化，用動詞原形。

1，第二人稱祈使句（通常省略主語）

·Be sure to come on time請務(wù)必按時來

·Don't ever do that again！請不要再做那樣的事了！

注意：有時為了強調(diào)知名向誰提出要求或命令，主語也可表示出來，這時，主語需重讀。

·You，close the window！你，關(guān)上窗戶！

·Do be careful next time下次務(wù)必小心

2，第一/三人稱祈使句（通常以let開頭）

·Let me tell you the answer if you can't work it out

·Let’s have a rest

·Don't let anyone disturb you

·Let the children not make much noise

3，其他形式的祈使句

·No entry禁止入內(nèi)

·No parking禁止停車

·No smoking禁止吸煙

·Out with it！說出來吧！

·Beg your pardon請原諒

感嘆句：表喜怒哀樂等感情的句子，一般用how或what引導，how作狀語修飾形容詞，副詞或句子；what作定語修飾名詞（名詞前可有形容詞或冠詞）：

1，how引導的感嘆句：

·How beautiful a place it is多漂亮的地方啊！

·How surprising it is that you should not know what has happend

·How much I wish to join the football club！

·How you are working！你工作真賣力！

2，what 引導的感嘆句：

·What a beautiful place it is！

·What interesting books you've bought us！

·What great fun surfing on the Internet is！

注意：可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞前有形容詞修飾并且在句中不作主語時，只能用what引導

·What good news it is！? How good news it is?

·What great changes we have had these years ? How great changes we have had...?

3，其他形式的感嘆句

·They are so hard-working！（陳述句表示感情時，句尾用感嘆號）

·Am I happy to see you right here！（疑問句表感情時，句尾用感嘆號）

·Stop talking！（祈使句）

·Ah，that's what I need！（句首有感嘆詞的句子）

·Hurrah！好哇/ Good idea！好主意/For shame！真羞愧！（感嘆詞和短語本身）

句子結(jié)構(gòu)

按此劃分，有3種：簡單句，并列句，復合句。

簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語），句子各個成分都是由單詞和短語表示。

1，主語+謂語...(S+V...)

·Birds fly

·Birds fly high in the sky

·The birds are flying over the river

·He sits in the back row

2，主語+謂語+賓語（S+V+O)

·My father studies history

·I put the newspapers on the table

·Everybody made fun of him

·She only wants one

3，主語+連系動詞+表語（S+V+P)

·Tom is very happy today

·It was hard to stay awake

·The cloth feels soft

· He seems sad

·The weather is becoming warmer

·They've just got married

·The poor old man went mad

·He fell ill

4，主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語（S+V+Oi +Od）

·His hobby has brought him enjoyment

·Will you please pass me the book on the desk？

·I’ll find you a good chance

·My parents bought me a nice Christmas present

·Will you sing us a song？

5，主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語（S+V+O+C...)

·I don't want you to work too hard

·We all call the baby Sara

·Will you ask Mary to help us？

·I can hear someone playing the violin next door

·Nobody noticed the office broken into

·He showed the guests in

并列句：有2個或多個相互并列的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。并列句種各個分句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。

·Tom is not only a good basketball player，but also（he is）a good football player

·He didn't come yesterday，for he was ill

·Nancy is a secretary and she works in an office

·Julie must work hard，or she cannot go to the famous Harvard University

1，相同種類的并列分句（2個或多個并列的分句都是陳述句，疑問句，祈使句或感嘆句等）

·It is a fine day and I want to go to the park

·When will you arrive and what do you want to do here？

·Take your bag away and go out right now

·What a clever boy he is and how handsome he is！

2，不同種類的并列分句

·What a fine day today and I am very happy

復合句：由1個主語和1個或多個從句構(gòu)成的句子。主句是主干，從句是充當主語的某個成分的，從句在主句種可充當主語，并于，表語，同位語，定語，狀語等。

·What he did made his mother angry（主語從句）

·Parents shouldn't give their children whatever they want（賓語從句）

·This is because you are too careless（表語從句）

·A doctor is a person who looks after people's health（定語從句）

·Check all your answers before you turn in your papers（狀語從句）

簡單句，并列句，復合句的相互轉(zhuǎn)換

1，簡單句與并列句的轉(zhuǎn)換

·Tom is too young to go to school = Tom is very young and he can't go to school（簡轉(zhuǎn)并：簡單句的某個短語變并列句的分句）

·She got up very early to meet her parents at the station = She wanted to meet her parents at the station，so she got up very early（簡轉(zhuǎn)并：簡單句的某個短語變并列句的分句）

·The football match has to be delayed，for it is raining heavily = The football match has to be delayed because of the heavy rain（并轉(zhuǎn)簡：并列句種的分句變成簡單句中的短語）

·He wanted to become a college student，so she studied hard = He studied hard so as to become a college student/To become a college student，He studied hard（并轉(zhuǎn)簡：并列句種的分句變成簡單句中的短語）

2，并列句和復合句的轉(zhuǎn)換

·I have to study harder，or I shall not catch up with my classmates = I have to study harder in order that I can catch up with my classmates / If I don't study harder，I shall not catch up with my classmates（并轉(zhuǎn)復：分句轉(zhuǎn)從句，并列連詞轉(zhuǎn)從屬連詞）

·Though he is very young，he knows a lot about science = He is very young，but he knows a lot about science（復轉(zhuǎn)并：從句變分句）

·If we don't start off early，we'll be late for the first bus = Start off early，or we'll be late for the first bus（復轉(zhuǎn)并：從句變分句）